Subsurface characterization refers to the process of studying and analyzing the properties and conditions of the earth's subsurface layers. This field of research involves utilizing various techniques such as geophysical surveys, borehole drilling, and laboratory testing to gather data on the composition, structure, and physical properties of soil, rock, and groundwater below the Earth's surface. Subsurface characterization is essential for a variety of applications, including geological exploration, environmental assessments, and engineering projects such as building foundations, tunnels, and infrastructure development. By understanding the subsurface conditions, researchers and engineers can make informed decisions and effectively manage potential risks associated with construction and resource development projects.